Lakshadweep: erinevus redaktsioonide vahel
Eemaldatud sisu Lisatud sisu
P robot lisas: be-x-old:Лякадыўскія выспы, ko:락샤드위프 제도 |
Resümee puudub |
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'''Lakshadweep''' ({{Audio|Lakshadweep.ogg|listen}}; {{lang-ml|ലക്ഷദ്വീപ്}} {{Unicode|Lakṣadvīp}}, {{lang-dmh|ލަކްޝަދީބު}} {{Unicode|Lakshadīb}}), traditionally called in English the '''Laccadive Islands''', the smallest [[union territory]] of [[India]], is a group of islands 200 to 300 km off of the coast of [[Kerala]] in the [[Laccadive Sea]]. Their total land area is 11 [[square mile|sq mi]] or 32 [[km²]]. Ten of the islands are inhabited. Lakshadweep is the northern part of the erstwhile [[Lakshadweepa]].
== Etymology ==
Lakshadweep, comes from ''[[Lakshadweepa]]'', which literally means one hundred thousand (लक्षं laksha) islands (वीप dweepa) in [[Sanskrit]].
== Demographics ==
{{IndiaCensusPop
| title= Population Growth
| 1951= 21000
| 1961= 24000
| 1971= 32000
| 1981= 40000
| 1991= 52000
| 2001= 61000
| estimate=
| estyear=
| estref=
| footnote=Source:Census of India<ref name="Census Population">{{cite web|url=http://indiabudget.nic.in/es2006-07/chapt2007/tab97.pdf|title=Census Population|work=Census of India|publisher=Ministry of Finance India|accessdate=2008-12-18|format=PDF}}</ref>
}}
The people of all the northern islands speak a [[dialect]] of [[Malayalam language|Malayalam]]. According to local folk beliefs, they descended from traders who were washed up on the islands during a particularly heavy storm.
However, the people of [[Minicoy]], the southernmost atoll, speak [[Mahl language|Mahl]], a variant of [[Divehi]], the language of the [[Maldives]].
The islanders are ethnically similar to coastal Kerala's [[Malayali people]], and were influenced by [[Arab]] traders. Inhabitants of [[Minicoy Island|Minicoy]], the southernmost and largest island, closely resemble [[Maldives|Maldivians]]. Most of the indigenous population is [[Islam|Muslim]]. The locals of all the islands except Minicoy call themselves the ''Div-i'' or the ''[[Aminidivi]]'' ("from the mother island"). Lakshadweep's ethnic groups can be classified as 84.33% [[Malayali]], and 15.67% [[Mahls|Mahl]].
===Main Languages===
*[[Malayalam]] (official)
*[[Mahl]]
*[[Jeseri]]
== History ==
Little is known about the early history of the Lakshadweep islands. There are references to the control of the islands by the Cheras in the Sangam literature Pathitruppaththu. A Pallava inscription of 7th century CE refers to the islands as Dveepa Laksham and lists them as part of the Pallava domain. The oldest inhabited islands in the group are [[Amini, India|Amini]], [[Andrott]], [[Kavaratti]] and [[Agatti]]. It was earlier believed that the Lakshadweep islanders were originally Hindus who later converted to Islam in the 14th century. However, recent archaeological evidence has established that Buddhist settlements had existed in the islands as early as the 6th or 7th century. According to popular tradition, Islam was brought to Lakshadweep by an Arab named [[Ubaidulla]] in 41 [[AH]] (651 CE). His grave is located in the island of Agatti. Muslim grave stones dated to 139 AH (649 CE) have also been discovered here. During the 11th century, the islands came under the rule of the third (or last) period [[Cholas]].
In the 17th century, the islands came under the rule of [[Ali Raja]]hs/Arakkal Bheevi of [[Kannur]], who received them as a gift from the [[Kolathiris]].<ref>kurup kkn, Alirajahas of Kannur</ref> The Portuguese took control to exploit coir production until the islanders expelled the Portuguese. The islands are also mentioned in great detail in the stories of the [[Arab]] traveller [[Ibn Batuta]].
The Amindivi group of islands (Amini, Kadmat, Kiltan, Chetlat and Bitra) came under the rule of [[Tipu Sultan]] in 1787. They passed to British control after the [[Third Anglo-Mysore War]] and were attached to [[Dakshina Kannada|South Canara]]. The rest of the islands came under the [[suzerainty]] of the [[Ali Raja|Arakkal family]] of [[Cannanore]] in return for a payment of annual tribute. After a while, the British took over the administration of those islands for non-payment of arrears. These islands were attached to the [[Malabar district]] of the [[Madras Presidency]]. In 1956, despite the fact that most of the Islanders were Malayalis, the [[States Reorganisation Act]] separated these islands from the mainland administrative units, forming a new union territory by combining all the islands.
== Politics ==
The union territory is administered by an Administrator appointed by India's central government. Lakshadweep is under the jurisdiction of the [[High Court of Kerala]] at [[Ernakulam]]. The Territory also elects one member to the [[Lok Sabha]]. The [[panchayat raj]] system is implemented in the islands.
There are dweep (island) panchyats and district panchayat in each island; each dweep panchayat has its own elected chairperson. Democracy is limited to Pachayats and the sole member of the Lok Sabha; most power resides with the Administrator.
== Agriculture ==
Coconut is the main crop cultivated in the islands. Lakshadweep is India's largest producer of coconuts. About 2,598 hectares are under coconut cultivation and the productivity per hectare is 22,310. Coconuts cultivated in the Lakshadweep are also rich in coconut oil.
== Economy ==
Lakshadweep's gross state domestic product for 2004 is estimated at $60 million at current prices. Coconut fibre extraction and production of fibre products is Lakshadweep's main industry. There are five coir fibre factories, five production demonstration centres and seven fibre curling units run by the government of India. These units produce coir fibre, coir yarn, curled fibre and corridor mattings.
Due to its isolation and scenic appeal, Lakshadweep is emerging as a major tourist attraction for Indians. This brings in significant revenue, which is likely to increase. Since such a small region cannot support industries, the government is actively promoting tourism as a means of income.
The world’s first ever low temperature thermal desalination plant (LTTD) was opened in Kavaratti, one of the Indian Lakshadweep islands. The plant cost about INR 50 million (EUR 922,000) and will produce 100,000 litres/day of potable water from sea water. Production costs, currently INR 220-250/m³ (EUR 4.1-4.6/m³), are expected to go do down to INR 30-60/m³ (EUR 0.55-1.11/m³) as the capacity is increased.
LTTD technology involves flashing relatively warm sea water (28-30 deg Celsius) inside a vacuum flash chamber and condensing the resultant vapour using deep sea cold water (7-15 °C). The cold water for the Kavaratti plant is drawn at a depth of 350m some 400m from the shore.
The technology was developed by the National Institute of Ocean Technology (NIOT). It can not only be used to produce drinking water but also for power generation and air conditioning. In addition, the deep sea water contains extra nutrients for fish, an important source of food and income for the local population.
The government plans to set up desalination plants with a capacity of 10 million litres/per day on all islands and coastal areas.
Source: Gov of India Press Information Bureau, 23 May 2005
==Islands, Reefs, Banks==
[[Image:Lakshadweep map.jpg|thumb|right|Lakshadweep Islands map]]
[[Image:LakshadweepIsland.jpg|thumb|One of the uninhabited islands in Lakshadweep]]
[[Image:Lighthouse worms eye.jpg|thumb|right|Worms-eye view of the lighthouse in [[Minicoy]] Island]]
Lakshadweep officially consists of 12 [[atoll]]s, 3 [[reef]]s and 5 submerged [[Bank (topography)|banks]], with a total of about 36 islands and islets. The reefs are in fact also atolls, although mostly submerged, with only small unvegetated sand cays above the high water mark. The submerged banks are sunken atolls.
Almost all the atolls have a northeast-southwest orientation with the islands lying on the eastern rim, and a mostly submerged reef on the western rim, enclosing a lagoon.
Two banks further north are not considered part of the group:
*[[Angria Bank]]
*[[Adas Bank]]
The atolls, reefs and banks are listed from north to south in the table:
<!--
-->
{| class="wikitable"
![[Atoll]]/[[Reef]]/[[Bank (topography)|Bank]]</br>(''alternate name'')!!type!!Land</br>Area</br>(km²)!![[Lagoon]]</br>Area</br>(km²)!!No. of</br>islets!!Pop.</br>[[Census]]</br>2001!![[Geographic coordinate system|Location]]
|-
| colspan=9 align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''[[Amindivi|Amindivi Islands]]'''
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Cora Divh]]||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|339.45||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|13|42|N|72|11|E|name=Cora Divh}}
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Sesostris Bank]]||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|388.53||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|13|08|N|72|00|E|name=Sesostris Bank}}
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Bassas de Pedro]]</br>(''Munyal Par'', ''Padua Bank'')||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|2474.33||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|13|07|N|72|25|E|name=Bassas de Pedro}}
|- style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Cherbaniani Reef]] (''Beleapani Reef'')||reef||align=right|0.01|| align=right|172.59||align=right|2|| align=right|-||{{coord|12|18|N|71|53|E|name=Cherbaniani Reef}}
|- style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Byramgore Reef]] (''Chereapani'')||reef||align=right|0.01|| align=right|57.46||align=right|1|| align=right|-||{{coord|11|54|N|71|49|E|name=Byramgore Reef}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Chetlat Island]]||atoll|| align=right|1.14|| align=right|1.60||align=right|1|| align=right|2289||{{coord|11|42|N|72|42|E|name=Chetlat Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Bitra|Bitrā Island]]||atoll|| align=right|0.10|| align=right|45.61||align=right|2|| align=right|264||{{coord|11|33|N|72|09|E|name=Bitrā Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Kiltan|Kiltān Island]]||atoll|| align=right|2.20|| align=right|1.76||align=right|1|| align=right|3664||{{coord|11|29|N|73|00|E|name=Kiltān Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Kadmat Island]] (''Cardamum'')||atoll|| align=right|3.20|| align=right|37.50||align=right|1|| align=right|5319||{{coord|11|14|N|72|47|E|name=Kadmat Island}}
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Elikalpeni Bank]]||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|95.91||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|11|12|N|73|58|E|name=Elikalpeni Bank}}
|- style="background: #FFC;"
| [[Peremul Par]]||reef||align=right|0.01|| align=right|83.02||align=right|1|| align=right|-||{{coord|11|10|N|72|04|E|name=Peremul Par}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Amini, India|Amini Island]]<sup> 1)</sup>||atoll|| align=right|2.59|| align=right|155.09<sup> 1)||align=right|1|| align=right|7340||{{coord|11|06|N|72|45|E|name=Amini Island}}
|-
| colspan=9 align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''[[Laccadive Islands]]'''
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Bangaram Island]] (''Bangaram'')<sup> 2)</sup>||atoll|| align=right|2.30|| align=right|46.25||align=right|4|| align=right|-<sup> 3)</sup>||{{coord|10|56|N|72|17|E|name=Bingaram Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Agatti|Agatti Island]]<sup> 2)</sup>||atoll|| align=right|3.84|| align=right|17.50||align=right|4|| align=right|7072||{{coord|10|50|N|72|12|E|name=Agatti Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Pitti|Pitti Island]]<sup> 1)</sup>||island<sup> 1)</sup>|| align=right|0.01|| align=right|155.09<sup> 1)</sup>||align=right|1|| align=right|-||{{coord|10|50|N|72|38|E|name=Pitti Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Andrott|Androth Island]] (''Andrott'')||atoll|| align=right|4.90|| align=right|4.84||align=right|1|| align=right|10720||{{coord|10|50|N|73|41|E|name=Androth Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Kavaratti|Kavaratti Island]]||atoll|| align=right|4.22|| align=right|4.96||align=right|1|| align=right|10113||{{coord|10|33|N|72|38|E|name=Kavaratti Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Kalpeni|Kalpeni Island]]||atoll|| align=right|2.79|| align=right|25.60||align=right|7|| align=right|4319||{{coord|10|05|N|73|38|E|name=Kalpeni Island}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Suheli Par]]||atoll|| align=right|0.57|| align=right|78.76||align=right|2|| align=right|-||{{coord|10|05|N|72|17|E|name=Suheli Par}}
|-
| colspan=9 align=center bgcolor="#EFEFEF" | '''[[Minicoy Island|Minicoy]]'''
|- style="background: #CCF;"
|[[Investigator Bank]]||bank|| align=right|-|| align=right|141.78||align=right|-||align=right|-||{{coord|08|32|N|73|17|E|name=Investigator Bank}}
|- style="background: #CFC;"
|[[Minicoy Island]]||atoll|| align=right|4.80|| align=right|30.60||align=right|2|| align=right|9495||{{coord|08|17|N|73|02|E|name=Minicoy Island}}
|-
|'''Lakshadweep'''|| || align=right|32.69|| align=right|4203.14||align=right|32|| align=right|60595||08°16'-13°58'N,</br>71°44°-74°24'E
|-
| colspan=9 align=left bgcolor="#ffffff" |<sup>1) </sup> Amini Island and Pitti Island are both on [[Pitti Bank]],</br>a largely sunken atoll with a lagoon area of 155.09 km²
|-
| colspan=9 align=left bgcolor="#ffffff" |<sup>2) </sup>Bingaram and Agatti Islands are connected by a shallow submarine ridge
|-
| colspan=9 align=left bgcolor="#ffffff" |<sup>3) </sup>new international tourist resort,</br>otherwise uninhabited, but with a population 61 at the 1990 census
|}
The main islands are Kavaratti (where the capital city, [[Kavaratti]], is located), [[Agatti]], [[Minicoy]], and [[Amini]]. The total population of the territory was 60,595 according to the [[demographics of India|2001 census]]. Agatti has an airport where there are direct flights from [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]], Kerala or Ernakulam (Cochin). Tourists need a [http://lakshadweep.nic.in/ permit] to visit the islands; foreign nationals are not permitted to visit certain islands. Consumption of alcohol is not permitted in the islands except on Bangaram Island.
The name of the [[archipelago]] literally translates as "hundred thousand islands" (''[[lakh|laksha]]'' = "one hundred thousand", ''dweep'' = "island"). Lakka (Lacca) is the Malayalam equivalent of Laksha. Until 1973, the island group was known by the [[Anglicised]] name '''Laccadives''' (compare to [[Maldives]] and [[Suvadives]]) although the term Laccadives strictly only applies to central Lakshdweep with the northern [[Amindivi]] Islands and [[Minicoy Island|Minicoy]] to the south considered separate. This is reflected in the pre-1973 name of the union territory, '''Laccadive, Minicoy, and Amindivi Islands''' (Malayalam: ലക്ഷദ്വീപ്, മിനിക്കോയ്, അമന്തീവ ''{{Unicode|Lakṣhadvīp, Minikkoy, Amantīv}}''). The Laccadive Islands and Minicoy Island are known as the [[Cannanore]] Islands.
== Sub-Divisions ==
* Amindivi ([[Amini, India|Amini]])
The inhabited islands in the Sub-Division are following: [[Bitra]], [[Chetlat Island|Chetlat]], [[Kiltan]], [[Kadmat]], [[Amini, India|Amini]], [[Agatti]]
* Laccadive ([[Kavaratti]])
The inhabited islands in the Sub-Division are following: [[Bangaram]], [[Kavaratti]], [[Androth]], [[Kalpeni]]
* Minicoy ([[Minicoy]])
The inhabited islands in the Sub-Division are following: [[Minicoy]]
==Transportation==
[[Image:MV Amindivi 001.JPG|thumb|Passenger ship M.V. Amindivi of the Lakshadweep Islands administration docked at Old Mangalore port.]][[Agatti Aerodrome]] on Agatti Island is currently the only airport in Lakshadweep. [[Indian Airlines]], the state-owned carrier, serves Agatti and flies to [[Kochi (India)|Kochi]] on the mainland. Also, from April 2007, a private carrier, Kingfisher Airlines, has commenced flights to and from Agatti. Kingfisher connects Kochi and Bangalore to Agatti. The other islands are linked by [[helicopter]] or boat service.
Ships are the major means of transportation for the islanders. Ships are operated from either [[Kochi, India|Kochi]] or Beypore ([[Calicut]]). There are around 5 passenger ships, but generally only two at a time operate. Advance bookings are required. Sailing schedules are arranged so that each island gets priority at some time of the year.
There are vessels operating between some of the larger islands like [[Kavaratti]], Androth, Kalpeni etc., but sailings are affected by weather conditions.
== References ==
{{Reflist|2}}
== External links ==
{{commonscat|Lakshadweep}}
* [http://www.reefindia.org/lakshadweep.htm Indian Reef Region – Lakshadweep Islands]
* [http://lakshadweep.nic.in/ Official Site for Lakshadweep Islands]
* [http://www.yourguidetoindia.com/content/view/28/1/ Lakshadweep Islands Tourism information]
* [http://amitkulkarni.info/pics/lakshadweep/ Beautiful Photographs of the Lakshadweep Islands]
* [http://lakshadweeptourism.nic.in/ Lakshadweep Islands Tourism information]
* [http://www.lakshadweeptourism.com/ SPORTS->Lakshadweep Tourism Official Agency]
* [http://sandtech.nic.in/interest.htm geographical information, lagoon sizes]
* [http://www.lakshadweeptourpackages.net Lakshadweep Travel]
* [http://www.ias.ac.in/currsci/aug102005/557.pdf submerged northern reef banks]
{{India}}
{{Portuguese overseas empire}}
[[Category:Former Portuguese colonies]]
[[Category:States and territories of India]]
[[Category:Indian Ocean atolls]]
[[Category:Archipelagoes in the Indian Ocean]]
[[Category:Union Territories of India]]
[[Category:Lakshadweep| ]]
[[Category:Islands of Lakshadweep]]
[[Category:States and territories established in 1956]]
[[ar:لكشديب]]
[[bn:লক্ষদ্বীপ]]
[[zh-min-nan:Lakshadweep]]
31. rida ⟶ 205. rida:
[[de:Lakshadweep]]
[[dv:ލަކްޝަދީބު]]
[[
[[es:Laquedivas]]
[[eo:Lakŝadivoj]]
37. rida ⟶ 211. rida:
[[fr:Lakshadweep]]
[[gu:લક્ષદ્વીપ]]
[[hi:लक्षद्वीप]]
[[hr:Lakadivi]]
[[bpy:লাক্ষাদ্বীপ]]
[[id:Lakshadweep]]
[[it:Laccadive]]
[[he:לקשאדוויפ]]
[[ko:락샤드위프 제도]]
[[kn:ಲಕ್ಷದ್ವೀಪ]]
[[ka:ლაქშადვიპი]]
65. rida ⟶ 240. rida:
[[ta:இலட்சத்தீவுகள்]]
[[te:లక్షద్వీపములు]]
[[uk:Лакшадвіп (союзна територія)]]
[[ur:لکشادیپ]]
[[vi:Lakshadweep]]
[[war:Lakshadweep]]
[[zh:拉克沙群島]]
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