National Medal of Science
National Medal of Science on teadusauhind, mida annab välja Ameerika Ühendriikide president USA kodanikele või residentidele, kes on andnud olulise panuse sotsiaalteaduste, käitumisteaduste, bioloogia, keemia, inseneriteaduste, matemaatika ja füüsika arengusse.
Auhind asutati 1959. aastal ja selle väljaandmist administreerib Rahvuslik Teadusfond (NFS). Laureaatide valiku eest vastutab 12-liikmeline National Medal of Science'i komitee.[1][2]
National Medal of Science'i auhind anti esimest korda välja 18. veebruaril 1963. Selle au pälvis Theodore von Kármán.
Auhind jäi välja andmata aastatel 1971, 1972, 1977, 1978, 1980, 1984 ja 1985.
Laureaate muuda
Käitumis- ja sotsiaalteaduste valdkonnas muuda
- 1964 – Neal Elgar Miller
- 1968 – B. F. Skinner
- 1986 – Herbert Simon
- 1987 – George Stigler
- 1988 – Milton Friedman
- 1991 – George Armitage Miller
- 1992 – Eleanor Gibson
- 1996 – Paul Samuelson
- 1999 – Robert Solow
- 2000 – Gary Becker
- 2004 – Kenneth Arrow
- 2014 – Albert Bandura
Bioloogia valdkonnas muuda
- 1964 – Theodosius Dobzhansky, Marshall W. Nirenberg
- 1965 – Francis Peyton Rous, George Simpson
- 1966 – Sewall Wright, Fritz Lipmann
- 1968 – Burrhus Skinner
- 1969 – Ernst Mayr
- 1970 – Barbara McClintock
- 1973 – Earl Sutherland
- 1976 – Edward Wilson, Roger Guillemin
- 1979 – Severo Ochoa, Arthur Kornberg
- 1983 – Paul Berg
- 1986 – Stanley Cohen, George Palade
- 1987 – Rita Levi-Montalcini, Har Gobind Khorana
- 1988 – Michael S. Brown, Eric Kandel, Joseph Goldstein, Rosalyn Yalow
- 1989 – Roger Sperry, Joshua Lederberg
- 1990 – Edward Lewis, E. Donnall Thomas
- 1991 – G. Evelyn Hutchinson, Salvador Luria
- 1992 – Howard Temin
- 1993 – Daniel Nathans,
- 1997 – James Watson
- 1999 – Jared Diamond, Lynn Margulis, David Baltimore
- 2000 – Peter H. Raven, Carl Woese
- 2001 – Francisco J. Ayala, Mario Capecchi, Harold Varmus
- 2003 – J. Michael Bishop
- 2004 – Thomas Starzl, Norman Borlaug, Phillip Sharp
- 2005 – Torsten Wiesel
- 2006 – Rita Colwell
- 2007 – Robert Lefkowitz
- 2008 – Francis Collins, Craig Venter
- 2009 – Stanley Prusiner
Keemia valdkonnas muuda
- 1964 – Robert Woodward
- 1983 – Roald Hoffmann
- 1986 – Yuan Tseh Lee
- 1987 – William Summer Johnson, Walter H. Stockmayer, Max Tishler
- 1988 – Konrad Bloch, Elias Corey
- 1989 – Melvin Calvin, Rudolph Marcus
- 1990 – Elkan Blout, Karl Folkers, John D. Roberts
- 1991 – Gertrude Elion, Dudley Herschbach, Glenn Seaborg
- 1993 – Donald Cram
- 1994 – George S. Hammond
- 1995 – Thomas Cech
Inseneriteaduste valdkonnas muuda
- 1962 – Theodore von Kármán
- 1964 – Othmar Ammann
- 1967 – Igor Sikorsky
- 1969 – Jack Kilby
- 1975 – Wernher von Braun
- 1991 – Luna Leopold
- 2006 – Robert Langer
- 2007 – David Wineland
- 2008 – Rudolf Kálmán
- 2010 – Shu Chien
Matemaatika, statistika ja arvutiteaduse valdkonnas muuda
- 1963 – Norbert Wiener
- 1966 – John Milnor
- 1974 – Kurt Gödel
- 1975 – John Backus
- 1979 – Donald Knuth
- 1986 – Peter Lax
- 1995 – Louis Nirenberg
- 1997 – Shing Tung Yau
Füüsika valdkonnas muuda
- 1963 – Luis Alvarez
- 1964 – Julian Schwinger, Harold Urey, Robert Woodward
- 1965 – John Bardeen, Peter Debye, Leon Lederman
- 1966 – Jacob Bjerknes, Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar, John Vleck, Vladimir Zworykin
- 1968 – Lars Onsager, Eugene Wigner
- 1969 – Herbert Brown
- 1970 – Robert Dicke, Allan R. Sandage, John Wheeler
- 1974 – Nicolaas Bloembergen, Paul Flory, William Alfred Fowler, Linus Carl Pauling
- 1975 – Hans Bethe
- 1976 – Henry Taube
- 1979 – Richard Feynman, Edward Purcell, Lyman Spitzer, Victor Weisskopf
- 1982 – Philip Anderson, Yoichiro Nambu, Edward Teller, Charles Townes
- 1983 – E. Margaret Burbidge, Walter Munk, Frederick Reines, J. Robert Schrieffer
- 1986 – Robert Hofstadter, Chen Ning Yang
- 1987 – Philip Abelson, Walter Elsasser, Paul Lauterbur, James Van Allen
- 1988 – Walter Kohn, Norman Ramsey, Jack Steinberger
- 1989 – Robert Sharp, Henry Stommel
- 1990 – Allan Cormack, Edwin McMillan, Roger Revelle
- 1991 – Arthur Schawlow, Steven Weinberg
- 1992 – Eugene Shoemaker
- 1993 – Val Fitch, Vera Rubin
- 1994 – Frank Press
- 1995 – Hans Dehmelt, Peter Goldreich
- 1996 – Wallace Broecker
- 1997 – Martin Schwarzschild
- 1998 – Don Anderson, John Bahcall
- 1999 – James Cronin
- 2000 – Willis Lamb, Gilbert White
- 2001 – Raymond Davis, Charles Keeling
- 2002 – Richard Garwin, W. Jason Morgan, Edward Witten
- 2003 – G. Brent Dalrymple, Riccardo Giacconi
- 2004 – Robert Clayton
- 2005 – Ralph Alpher, Lonnie Thompson
- 2008 – James Gunn
- 2012 – Burton Richter, Sean Solomon
Vaata ka muuda
Viited muuda
- ↑ PROVIDING PROCEDURES FOR THE AWARD OF THE NATIONAL MEDAL OF SCIENCE. archive.org
- ↑ National Medal of Science. nsf.gov