Ida filosoofia: erinevus redaktsioonide vahel
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P r2.7.1) (robot lisas: no:Østlig filosofi |
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1. rida:
'''Ida filosoofiaks''' nimetatakse Läänes Aasia, eelkõige [[India]] ning [[Hiina]], [[Jaapan]]i, [[Korea]] jt [[Kaug-Ida]] maade traditsioonilisi filosoofilisi süsteeme. Vahel hõlmatakse sellesse ka [[Babüloonia filosoofia]], [[juudi filosoofia]], [[araabia filosoofia]] ja [[Islami filosoofia]], samas käsitleb mõni allikas neid pigem [[Lääne filosoofia]] harudena. Liigitus sõltub suuresti sellest, kas Lääne ja Ida filosoofiat eristatakse eelkõige geograafiliselt, kultuuriliselt, ajalooliselt või kontseptuaalselt.
Traditsioonilise seotuse tõttu judaismi rühma religioonidega on mõned Lääne filosoofiad formuleerinud küsimused Jumala loomuse ning tema ja maailma vahekorra kohta, tuginedes monoteistlikule taustale. See on tekitanud Lääne traditsioonis vastanduse ilmaliku ja religioosse filosoofia vahel. Viimased neist on Jumala ja maailma küsimustes arenenud enamasti konkreetse monoteistliku religiooni dogmaatika raames.
Ida reliigioonid ei ole ainujumala kui maailma ainsa looja ning valitseja teemaga samavõrd palju tegelnud. Seetõttu on vastandus religioosse ja ilmaliku vahel Ida filosoofias märgatavalt nõrgem ning sama filosoofiline koolkond sisaldab sageli nii religioosseid kui ka filosoofilisi elemente. Nii võtavad mõned inimesed omaks budismi n-ö metafüüsilise poole, osalemata samal ajal kultuses. Mõned on kummardanud taoistlikke jumalusi religioosselt, süvenemata nende teoloogilisse aluspõhja, ehkki teised tunnistavad taoistlikku religiooni, ignoreerides selle mütoloogilisi aspekte.
Selline lähenemine on teravas vastuolus Lääne filosoofiaga, mis on traditsiooniliselt eeldanud kas täielikult ühtset filosoofilist ja religioosset uskumuste süsteemi (näiteks [[kristlik filosoofia|kristlikud]], [[judaistlik filosoofia|judaistlikud]] ja [[islami filosoofia|islamistlikud filosoofia]] voolud) või religiooni mõne vormi ranget eitamist (näiteks [[Nietzsche]], [[Marx]] ja [[Voltaire]]).
==Ida-Aasia filosoofiad==
{{Vaata|Hiina filosoofia|Jaapani filosoofia|Korean filosoofia}}
=== Konfutsianism ===
{{Vaata|Konfutsianism}}
[[Konfutsianism]] arenes [[Kong Fuzi]] (Confuciuse) õpetuste ümber ning põhineb [[Hiina klassikalised tekstid|Hiina klassikalistel tekstidel]].
=== Neo-Confucianism ===
{{Vaata|Neokonfutsianism}}
[[Neokonfutsianism]] on [[konfutsianismi]] hiline vorm, mis on sellest küllaltki kaugele arenenud. See sai alguse [[Songi dünastia]] ajal ning kujunes lõplikult välja [[Mingi dünastia]] lõpul. Neokonfutsianismi algeid võib leida juba [[Tangi dünastia]] ajal ning selle sünniga seostatakse sageli õpetlast [[Tang Xie Tian]]i. Sel on olnud suur mõju [[Ida-Aasia]] maades, sealhulgas [[Hiina]]s, [[Jaapan]]is, [[Korea]] ja [[Vietnam]]is. [[Zhu Xi]]d peetakse Songi ajastu suurimaks neokonfutsianistlikuks õpetajaks, samas kui Mingi ajastu suurim õpetaja oli [[Wang Yangming]]. Samas on Zhu ja Wangi koolkondade vahel vastuolusid.
===Taoism===
{{Vaata|Taoism}}
[[Taoism]] on konfutsianismi traditsiooniline vastukaal Hiina mõtteloos. Taoismi kesksed raamatud on traditsiooniliselt [[Laozi]]le omistatav "[[Daodejing]]" ning [[Zhuangzi]] kirjutatud "[[Zhuangzi (raamat)|Zhuangzi]]".
===Šinto===
{{Vaata|Šinto}}
[[Šinto]] on Jaapani pärismaine religioon. See on keerukas [[animism]]i vorm, mille järgi elutsevad kõigis asjades [[Vaim|vaim]]ud, keda nimetatakse [[kami]]deks. Kultus toimub kas avalikes või kodustes pühapaikades. Šinto järgi on suhe maailma asustavate kamidega inimese tähtsaim kohustus. Kamisid tuleb austada, nii et ka neil oleks põhjust meid austada. Šintojaok on [[vaimuilm]] ja tavamaailm sama. Eriti tähtsal kohal on šintos puhtus. Puhtad teod edendavad maailma harmooniat, ebapuhtad lõhuvad seda. Šinto uskumustes on tugev osa Hiina religioonide, eriti taoismi ja budismi mõjudel.
=== Legalism ===
{{Vaata|Legalism}}
Legalism pooldas seaduse ranget tõlgendust igas suhtes. Moraal polnud selle järgi tähtis, peamine oli seadusetähest kinni pidada.
=== Maoism ===
{{Vaata|Maoism}}
[[Maoism]] on [[kommunism|kommunistlik]] filosoofia, mis tugineb 20. sajandi [[Hiina Kommunistlik Partei|Hiina Kommunistliku Partei]] revolutsioonilise juhi [[Mao Zedong]]i õpetustel. Osalt on selle aluseks Marxi ja Lenini varasemad teooriad, kuid maoism eelistab linna[[proletariaat|proletariaadile]] ja [[Leninism|leninlikule]] rasketööstuse eelisedendamisele talupoegade toetatud revolutsiooni ning detsentraliseeritud [[agraarmajandus]]t, mis põhineb [[kolhoos]]idel.
<!--==Indian philosophies==
{{See|Indian philosophy}}
===Hindu philosophy===
{{Main|Hindu philosophy}}
{{Portal box|Hinduism|Hindu Mythology}}
Hinduism (सनातन धर्म; ''Sanātana Dharma'', roughly Perennial [[Moral]] [[Duty]]) is one of the oldest [[major world religions|major world religion]]. Hinduism is characterized by a diverse array of [[religious belief]] systems, practices and scriptures. It has its origin in ancient [[Vedic civilization|Vedic]] culture at least as far back as [[1500 BC]]. It is the third largest religion with approximately 1.05 [[1000000000 (number)|billion]] followers worldwide, 96% of whom live in the [[Indian subcontinent]].
Hinduism rests on the spiritual bedrock of the [[Vedas]], hence Veda [[Dharma]], and their mystic issue, the [[Upanishads]], as well as the teachings of many great Hindu [[guru]]s through the ages. Many streams of thought flow from the six Vedic/Hindu [[Hindu philosophy|schools]], [[Bhakti yoga|Bhakti]] sects and [[Tantra]] [[Āgama (Hinduism)|Agamic]] schools into the one ocean of Hinduism, the first of the [[Dharma]] religions. Also, the sacred book [[Bhagavad Gita]] is one of the most revered texts among Hindus.
What can be said to be common to many theistic Hindus is belief in [[Dharma]], [[reincarnation]], [[karma]], and [[moksha]] (liberation) of every [[Soul (spirit)|soul]] through a variety of moral, action-based, and [[meditative]] [[yoga]]s. Still more fundamental principles include [[ahimsa]] (non-violence), the primacy of the [[Guru]], the [[Divinity|Divine]] Word of [[Aum]] and the power of [[mantra]]s, love of [[Truth]] in many manifestations as [[god]]s and [[goddess]]es, and an understanding that the essential spark of the Divine ([[Atman (Hinduism)|Atman]]) is in every human and living being, thus allowing for many spiritual paths leading to the [[One Unitary Religious Truth]] (which Hindus call [[Brahman]]). This acceptance of various paths leading to the same truth, is also a foundation of Hindu philosophy. However, since the term Hindu is more of an umbrella term for dharmic traditions arising from the Indian subcontinent, there may be persons who believe in none of the above concepts and yet consider themselves Hindu.
''See Also: [[Hinduism]] -- [[Hindu scripture]] -- [[Samkhya]] -- [[Yoga]] -- [[Nyaya]] -- [[Vaisesika]] -- [[Vedanta]] -- [[Bhakti]] -- [[Cārvāka]] -- [[Indian logic]]''
===Buddhist philosophy===
{{Portal|Buddhism}}
{{Main|Buddhist philosophy}}
Buddhism is a system of religious beliefs based on the teachings of [[Gautama Buddha|Siddhartha Gautama]]. Buddhism is a non-theistic religion, one whose tenets are not especially concerned with the existence or non-existence of a God or gods. The Buddha himself expressly disavowed any special divine status or inspiration, and said that anyone, anywhere could achieve all the insight that he had. The question of God is largely irrelevant in Buddhism, though some sects (notably [[Tibetan Buddhism]]) do [[veneration|venerate]] a number of gods drawn in from local indigenous belief systems yet this practice has taken on different meanings and has become a skillful mean within the Tibetan Buddhist practice.
Buddhist philosophy has its foundations in the doctrines of:
* [[anatta]], which specifies that all is without substantial [[metaphysics|metaphysical]] identity,
* [[pratitya-samutpada]], which delineates the Buddhist concept of [[causality]], and
* Buddhist [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenological]] analysis of [[Dharma#Dharmas in Buddhist phenomenology|dharmas]], or phenomenological constituents.
Most Buddhist sects believe in [[karma]], a cause-and-effect relationship between all that has been done and all that will be done. Events that occur are held to be the direct result of previous events. One effect of karma is rebirth. At death, the karma from a given life determines the nature of the next life's existence. The ultimate goal of a Buddhist practitioner is to eliminate karma (both good and bad), end the cycle of rebirth and suffering, and attain [[Nirvana]], usually translated as ''awakening'' or ''enlightenment.''
''See also: [[Buddhism]] — [[Outline of Buddhism]] — [[Schools of Buddhism]]''
===Sikh philosophy===
{{Portal|Sikhism}}
{{Main|Sikh religious philosophy}}
[[File:Sikhi1.svg|thumb|Diagram showing some of the important Sikh beliefs.]]
===Jainism===
{{Portal|Jainism}}
{{Main|Jain philosophy}}
'''Jain philosophy ''' deals extensively with the problems of [[metaphysics]], [[reality]], [[cosmology]], [[ontology]], [[epistemology]] and [[divinity]]. [[Jainism]] is essentially a [[transtheistic]] religion of ancient India.<ref>{{cite book | last =Zimmer | first =Heinrich | editor =(ed.) Joseph Campbell | title =Philosophies of India | publisher =Princeton University Press | year =1969 | location =New York | isbn =0691017581 }} , p.182</ref> It is a continuation of the ancient [[Sramana|{{IAST|Śramaṇa}}]] tradition which co-existed with the [[Historical Vedic religion|Vedic tradition]] since ancient times.<ref>{{cite book | last =Sangave | first =Dr. Vilas A. | title =Facets of Jainology: Selected Research Papers on Jain Society, Religion, and Culture | publisher =Popular Prakashan | year =2001 | location =Mumbai | isbn =8171548393 }}, p. 14</ref><ref>{{cite book | last =Oldmeadow | first =Harry |authorlink =Harry Oldmeadow | title =Light from the East: Eastern Wisdom for the Modern West | publisher =World Wisdom Inc | year =2007 | location =Indiana | isbn =1933316225 }},p. 141</ref> The distinguishing features of Jain philosophy are its belief on independent existence of soul and matter, denial of [[Creator god|creative]] and [[omnipotent]] God, potency of [[Karma in Jainism|karma]], [[Jainism and non-creationism|eternal and uncreated universe]], a strong emphasis on [[Ahimsa in Jainism|non-violence]], accent on relativity and [[Anekantavada|multiple facets of truth]], and morality and ethics based on [[Moksa (Jainism)|liberation]] of soul. Jain philosophy attempts to explain the rationale of being and existence, the nature of the Universe and its constituents, the nature of bondage and the means to achieve liberation.<ref>{{cite book | last =Warren | first =Herbert | title =Jainism | publisher =Crest Publishing House | year =2001 | location =Delhi | url =http://www.ibiblio.org/jainism/database/BOOK/hwarren.doc | isbn =8124200378 }}</ref>
===Cārvāka===
{{Main|Cārvāka}}
Cārvāka, also frequently transliterated as Charvaka or Cārvāka, and also known as Lokayata or Lokyāta, was a materialist and atheist school of thought with ancient roots in India. It proposed a system of ethics based on rational thought. However, this school has been dead for more than a thousand years.
==West Asian philosophies==
===Babylonian philosophy===
:''Further information: [[Babylonian literature#Philosophy|Babylonian literature: Philosophy]]''
The origins of [[Babylonia]]n philosophy, in the popular sense of the word, can be traced back to the [[wisdom]] of early [[Mesopotamia]], which embodied certain philosophies of life, particularly [[ethics]], in the forms of [[dialectic]], [[dialog]]s, [[epic poetry]], [[folklore]], [[hymn]]s, [[lyrics]], [[prose]], and [[proverb]]s. The [[reasoning]] and [[rationality]] of the Babylonians developed beyond [[Empiricism|empirical]] observation.<ref>Giorgio Buccellati (1981), "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''101''' (1), p. 35-47.</ref>
It is possible that Babylonian philosophy had an influence on [[Greek philosophy]], and later [[Hellenistic philosophy]], however the textual evidence is lacking. The undated Babylonian text ''Dialog of Pessimism'' contains similarities to the [[agnost]]ic thought of the [[Sophism|sophists]], the [[Heraclitus|Heraclitean]] doctrine of contrasts, and the dialogs of [[Plato]], as well as a precursor to the [[Maieutics|maieutic]] [[Socratic method]] of [[Socrates]] and Plato.<ref>Giorgio Buccellati (1981), "Wisdom and Not: The Case of Mesopotamia", ''Journal of the American Oriental Society'' '''101''' (1), p. 35-47 [43].</ref> The [[Milesian]] philosopher [[Thales]] is also said to have studied philosophy in Mesopotamia.
===Iranian philosophy===
{{Main|Iranian philosophy}}
==== Zoroastrianism====
{{Portal|Zoroastrianism}}
{{Main|Zoroastrianism}}
Zoroastrianism is a [[monotheistic]] religion, which originated in [[Iran]]. Zoroastrianism has a dualistic nature ([[Ahura Mazda]] and [[Angra Mainyu]]), with an additional series of six important angel-like entities called the [[Amesha Spentas]]. In modern Zoroastrianism they are interpreted as aspects or emanations of Ahura Mazda (the Supreme Being), who form a heptad that is good and constructive. They are opposed to another group of seven who are evil and destructive. It is this persistent conflict between good and evil that distinguishes Zoroastrianism from monotheistic frameworks that have only one power as supreme. By requiring its adherents to have faith and belief in ''equally opposing'' powers Zoroastrianism characterizes itself as dualistic.
=== Islamic philosophy ===
{{Portal|Islam}}
{{Main|Islamic philosophy|Early Islamic philosophy|Modern Islamic philosophy}}
The rise of [[Islam]] and the influence of classical Greek thought, especially Aristotle, led to the emergence of various philosophical schools of thought. Amongst them [[Sufism]] established esoteric philosophy, [[Mu'tazili]] (partly influenced by [[Hellenistic philosophy]]) reconstructed [[rationalism]], while [[Ash'ari]] reshaped logical and rational interpretation of [[God]], [[justice]], [[destiny]] and the [[universe]].
Early Islamic philosophy has influenced [[Judaism]], [[Christianity]], [[Greek philosophy]], [[Hellenistic philosophy]], [[Iranian philosophy|Persian philosophy]], and [[Indian philosophy]], and in turn, Islamic philosophy had a strong influence on [[Jewish philosophy]], [[Christian philosophy]], [[Western philosophy]], Persian philosophy, and Indian philosophy, hence many consider Islamic philosophy to be both an Eastern philosophy and a Western philosophy.
Al-Mu'tazilah (المعتزلة) or [[Mu'tazili]]te is a popular theological school of [[philosophy]] during early Islam. They called themselves '''Ahl al-'Adl wa al-Tawhid''' ("People of Justice and Monotheism"). They ascended dramatically during 8th and 9th century due to the support of intellectuals and elites. Later in the 13th century, they lost official support in favour of the rising [[Ash'ari]] school. Most of their valuable works were destroyed during the [[Crusades]] and [[Battle of Baghdad (1258)|Mongol invasion]].
One of the most influential Muslim philosophers in the West was [[Averroes]] (Ibn Rushd), founder of the [[Averroism]] school of philosophy.<ref>Majid Fakhry (2001). ''Averroes: His Life, Works and Influence''. Oneworld Publications. ISBN 1851682694.</ref>
It is said that other influential Muslim philosophers include [[al-Jahiz]], a pioneer of [[evolution]]ary thought and [[natural selection]]; [[Ibn al-Haytham]] (Alhacen), a pioneer of [[Phenomenology (philosophy)|phenomenology]] and the [[philosophy of science]] and a critic of [[Aristotelian physics|Aristotelian natural philosophy]] and [[Aristotle]]'s concept of place ([[topos]]); [[Abū Rayhān al-Bīrūnī]], a critic of Aristotelian natural philosophy; [[Avicenna]], a critic of [[Aristotelian logic]]; [[Fakhr al-Din al-Razi]], a critic of Aristotelian logic and a pioneer of [[inductive logic]]; and [[Ibn Khaldun]], considered the father of the [[philosophy of history]] and [[sociology]] and a pioneer of [[social philosophy]]. However, not very much credible evidence to support such claims is forthcoming, at least in the field of Arabic-English translation methodology, with regards to the exact sciences of semantics and hermeneutics.
''See Also: [[Mu'tazili]] — [[Ash'ari]] — [[Sufism]] — [[Illuminationist philosophy]]
====Sufi philosophy====
{{Portal|Sufism}}
{{Main|Sufi philosophy}}
[[Sufism]] (تصوف {{unicode|taṣawwuf}}) is a school of [[esoteric]] philosophy in [[Islam]], which is based on the pursuit of [[spirituality|spiritual]] [[truth]] as a definite goal to attain. In order to attain this supreme truth, Sufism has marked ''Lataif-e-Sitta'' (the six subtleties), ''Nafs'', ''Qalb'', ''Sirr'', ''Ruh'' ([[spirit]]), ''Khafi'' and ''Akhfa''. Apart from conventional religious practices, they also perform Muraqaba ([[meditation]]), Dhikr (Zikr or recitation), Chillakashi ([[asceticism]]) and Sama ([[esoteric]] [[music]] and [[dance]]).-->
== Vaata ka ==
*[[Budistlik filosoofia]]
*[[India filosoofia]]
*[[
*[[Jaapani filosoofia]]
*[[Korea filosoofia]]
*[[Pakistani filosoofia]]
*[[Vana-Hiina filosoofia]]
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