Fail:Hydrophane opal (precious opal) dried out (Tertiary; Ethiopia) 1 (32671102646).jpg
Algfail (1585 × 1336 pikslit, faili suurus: 1,21 MB, MIME tüüp: image/jpeg)
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Lühikirjeldus
KirjeldusHydrophane opal (precious opal) dried out (Tertiary; Ethiopia) 1 (32671102646).jpg |
Precious opal from the Tertiary of Ethiopia. (2.7 cm across at its widest) A mineral is a naturally-occurring, solid, inorganic, crystalline substance having a fairly definite chemical composition and having fairly definite physical properties. At its simplest, a mineral is a naturally-occurring solid chemical. Currently, there are over 4900 named and described minerals - about 200 of them are common and about 20 of them are very common. Mineral classification is based on anion chemistry. Major categories of minerals are: elements, sulfides, oxides, halides, carbonates, sulfates, phosphates, and silicates. The silicates are the most abundant and chemically complex group of minerals. All silicates have silica as the basis for their chemistry. "Silica" refers to SiO2 chemistry. The fundamental molecular unit of silica is one small silicon atom surrounded by four large oxygen atoms in the shape of a triangular pyramid - this is the silica tetrahedron - SiO4. Each oxygen atom is shared by two silicon atoms, so only half of the four oxygens "belong" to each silicon. The resulting formula for silica is thus SiO2, not SiO4. Opal is hydrous silica (SiO2·nH2O). Technically, opal is not a mineral because it lacks a crystalline structure. Opal is supposed to be called a mineraloid. Opal is made up of extremely tiny spheres (colloids - <a href="https://www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/acstalks/acscolor/OPALSPHR.jpg" rel="nofollow">www.uwgb.edu/dutchs/acstalks/acscolor/OPALSPHR.jpg</a>) that can be seen with a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Gem-quality opal, or precious opal, has a wonderful rainbow play of colors (opalescence). This play of color is the result of light being diffracted by planes of voids between large areas of regularly packed, same-sized opal colloids. Different opalescent colors are produced by colloids of differing sizes. If individual colloids are larger than 140 x 10-6 mm in size, purple & blue & green colors are produced. Once colloids get as large as about 240 x 10-6 mm, red color is seen (Carr et al., 1979). Not all opals have the famous play of colors, however. Common opal has a wax-like luster & is often milky whitish with no visible color play at all. Opal is moderately hard (H = 5 to 6), has a white streak, and has conchoidal fracture. Several groups of organisms make skeletons of opaline silica, for example hexactinellid sponges, diatoms, radiolarians, silicoflagellates, and ebridians. Some organisms incorporate opal into their tissues, for example horsetails/scouring rushes and sawgrass. Sometimes, fossils are preserved in opal or precious opal. The specimen shown above is opal-CT, which consists of extremely tiny cristobalite-tridymite aggregates called leptospheres. This is in contrast to Australian precious opal, which is opal-A (= consists of amorphous, hydrous silica colloids). The photo shows the sample dried out. Three days earlier, it was immersed in water for several hours, during which time it turned transparent. After drying out, it returned to its "normal" translucent state. Opal that changes its opacity in water is called hydrophane opal. Stratigraphy: precious opal nodule in rhyolitic welded tuff, Alaji Rhyolite Formation (a.k.a. Amba Alaji Rhyolite; a.k.a. Aliyu Amba Ignimbrite) OR the Shewa Robit Formation, Lower to Middle Miocene Locality: attributed to Shoa Province (Shewa Province), Ethiopia (if so, possibly from the Menz Gishe District, northeastern Shewa/Shoa Province, northeast-central Ethiopia) Photo gallery of opal: <a href="http://www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3004" rel="nofollow">www.mindat.org/gallery.php?min=3004</a> Reference cited: Carr et al. (1979) - Andamooka opal fields: the geology of the precious stones field and the results of the subsidised mining program. Geological Survey of South Australia Department of Mines and Energy Report of Investigations 51. 68 pp. |
Kuupäev | |
Allikas | Hydrophane opal (precious opal) dried out (Tertiary; Ethiopia) 1 |
Autor | James St. John |
Litsents
- Tohid:
- jagada – teost kopeerida, levitada ja edastada
- kohandada – valmistada muudetud teoseid
- Järgmistel tingimustel:
- omistamine – Pead materjali sobival viisil autorile omistama, tooma ära litsentsi lingi ja märkima ära, kas on tehtud muudatusi. Sobib, kui teed seda mõistlikul viisil, kuid seejuures ei tohi jääda muljet, et litsentsiandja tõstab esile sind või seda, et sina materjali kasutad.
James St. John postitas selle pildi algselt saidile Flickr. Robot FlickreviewR 2 vaatas selle pildi üle ja kinnitas, et see oli saadaval litsentsi cc-by-2.0 all. Vaadatud: 30. november 2019 |
30. november 2019
Selles failis kujutatud üksused
kujutab
Teatud väärtus ilma Vikiandmete üksuseta
captured with inglise
Canon PowerShot D10 inglise
30. jaanuar 2017
Flickr photo ID inglise
Faili ajalugu
Klõpsa kuupäeva ja kellaaega, et näha sel ajahetkel kasutusel olnud failiversiooni.
Kuupäev/kellaaeg | Pisipilt | Mõõtmed | Kasutaja | Kommentaar | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
viimane | 30. november 2019, kell 19:53 | 1585 × 1336 (1,21 MB) | Ser Amantio di Nicolao | Transferred from Flickr via #flickr2commons |
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Metaandmed
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Kaamera tootja | Canon |
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Kaamera mudel | Canon PowerShot D10 |
Säriaeg | 1/60 sek (0,016666666666667) |
F-arv | f/10 |
Valgustundlikkus (ISO) | 80 |
Andmete loomise kuupäev ja kellaaeg | 30. jaanuar 2017, kell 10:19 |
Fookuskaugus | 9,681 mm |
Pildi pealkiri | |
Laius | 4000 px |
Kõrgus | 3000 px |
Bitti komponendi kohta |
|
Pikslite koosseis | RGB |
Orientatsioon | Normaalne |
Komponentide arv | 3 |
Horisontaalne eraldus | 180 dpi |
Vertikaalne eraldus | 180 dpi |
Kasutatud tarkvara | Adobe Photoshop Elements 13.0 (Macintosh) |
Faili muutmise kuupäev ja kellaaeg | 4. veebruar 2017, kell 17:50 |
Y- ja C-positsioonimine | Kõrvuti asetatud |
Exif-versioon | 2.21 |
Digiteerimise kuupäev ja kellaaeg | 30. jaanuar 2017, kell 10:19 |
Iga komponendi tähendus |
|
Pildi pakkimise meetod | 3 |
APEX-säriaeg | 5,90625 |
APEX-avaarv | 6,65625 |
Särituse mõju | −0,66666666666667 |
Vähim ava | 3,625 APEX (f/3,51) |
Mõõtmisviis | Muster |
Välk | Välk töötas, sundvälk, punasilmsust vähendav režiim |
Toetatud Flashpixi versioon | 1 |
Värviruum | sRGB |
Fokaaltasandi rõhteraldus | 16 460,905349794 |
Fokaaltasandi püsteraldus | 16 483,516483516 |
Fokaaltasandi eraldusühik | toll |
Tundlikustamismeetod | Ühe kiibiga värviandur |
Faili päritolu | Digitaalne fotokaamera |
Kohandatud pilditöötlus | Tavatöötlus |
Särituse meetod | Manuaalne säritus |
Valge tasakaal | Automaatne valge tasakaal |
Digisuumi tegur | 1 |
Ülesvõtte tüüp | Portree |
Kasutatud objektiiv | 6.2-18.6 mm |
Metaandmete viimane muutmisaeg | 4. veebruar 2017, kell 12:50 |
Algse dokumendi ainuline ID | 6562B21B095B745FEC5DDE423B1BB9AF |